Differential changes in maternal proinflammatory IL6 plasmalevels as a putatively surrogate marker of candidacy andclinical utility during mid- and late pregnancy hyperglycemia:interventional impact of clinical pharmacist on maternal andneonatal outcomes in a randomized clinical trial / Cambios diferenciales en los niveles plasmáticos de IL6 proinflamatoria materna como un marcador supuestamente sustituto de candidatura y utilidad clínica durante la hiperglucemia a mitad y final del embarazo: impacto intervencionista del farmacéutico clínico en los resultados maternos y neonatales en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Background/methods: The impact of clinical pharmacist on undiagnosed pregnancy hyperglycemia (PHG) in mid- and late- pregnancy as a major preventable cause of maternal and neonatal (M/N) complications is investigated. This longitudinal randomized controlled study of changes in plasma levels of predictive/prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers of oxytocin, thrombospondin, MCP1, IL6, MIF, insulin and LAR and undesirable M/N pregnancy outcomes in women with/out PHG (pregnancy normoglycemia; PNG) following the implementation of clinical pharmacist interventions were investigated. Results: A total of 68 PHG (36 intervention vs. 32 non-intervention) vs. 21 PNG participants were enrolled at 20–28 weeks and followed up till delivery. BMI of intervention PHG (unlike non-intervention) was greater (p=0.036) compared to PNG’s. LAR and insulin, oxytocin, thrombospondin1, adiponectin and MCP1 plasma levels and their differences between 2nd and 3rd pregnancy trimesters lacked discrepancies in participants. Both PHG groups in mid pregnancy had substantially greater HbA1c %, FPG and IL6 levels vs. PNG, while PHG non-intervention’ leptin was greater than PNG’s. In late pregnancy, greater SBP, IL6 and MIF levels between either PHG groups vs. PNG’s were observed. Unlike PHG non-intervention and PNG; IL6 level in PHG intervention group decreased (-2.54±6.61; vs. non-intervention PHG’s 4.26±5.28; p<0.001 and vs. PNG’s 2.30±4.27; p=0.023). None of the assessed M/N outcomes was found of differential significance between any of the three study groups. Conclusions: Proinflammatory IL6 as a robust and generalizable cardiometabolic risk-based and related pharmacotherapy biomarker in mid and late hyperglycemic pregnancy with likely implications of novel therapeutic targets was delineated by clinical pharmacist interventions.(AU)

Association between plasma leptin/adiponectin ratio and insulin resistance indexes in prepubertal children.

Objective: To assess the association between leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) and insulin resistance surrogates in prepubertal children. Materials and methods: Study based on data from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study (GOCS) involving 968 Chilean prepubertal children. Plasma insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined by immunoassays. Several common insulin resistance surrogates were calculated, including the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride/HDL cholesterol index, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and the TyG index corrected for body mass index (BMI; TyG-BMI) and waist circumference (WC; TyG-WC). Associations among variables were assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: There was a significant direct association between plasma leptin and LAR with BMI z-score but no association between plasma adiponectin and adiposity. After adjustments for sex and age, LAR was significantly associated with all insulin resistance surrogates (which were categorized using the 75th percentile as the cutoff point), with the TyG-WC index emerging as the surrogate with the highest magnitude of association (odds ratio [OR] 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05-2.9). After additional adjustment for BMI z-score, only the association between LAR and TyG-WC remained significant (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.27-2.12). Conclusion: Plasma leptin and LAR were strongly associated with several common insulin resistance surrogates in prepubertal children, most notably with the TyG-WC index. Associations between LAR and insulin resistance indexes were mainly driven by the effect of plasma leptin, which is also directly associated with increased adiposity.

Association between plasma leptin/adiponectin ratio and insulin resistance indexes in prepubertal children

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the association between leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) and insulin resistance surrogates in prepubertal children. Subjects and methods: Study based on data from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study (GOCS) involving 968 Chilean prepubertal children. Plasma insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined by immunoassays. Several common insulin resistance surrogates were calculated, including the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride/HDL cholesterol index, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and the TyG index corrected for body mass index (BMI; TyG-BMI) and waist circumference (WC; TyG-WC). Associations among variables were assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: There was a significant direct association between plasma leptin and LAR with BMI z-score but no association between plasma adiponectin and adiposity. After adjustments for sex and age, LAR was significantly associated with all insulin resistance surrogates (which were categorized using the 75th percentile as the cutoff point), with the TyG-WC index emerging as the surrogate with the highest magnitude of association (odds ratio [OR] 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05-2.9). After additional adjustment for BMI z-score, only the association between LAR and TyG-WC remained significant (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.27-2.12). Conclusion: Plasma leptin and LAR were strongly associated with several common insulin resistance surrogates in prepubertal children, most notably with the TyG-WC index. Associations between LAR and insulin resistance indexes were mainly driven by the effect of plasma leptin, which is also directly associated with increased adiposity.

Insulin resistance is associated with incident chronic kidney disease in population with normal renal function.

Background: Insulin resistance is prevalent in chronic kidney disease and may accelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to investigate whether insulin resistance is associated with the development of incident chronic kidney disease in a population with normal renal function. Methods: A total of 3,331 participants from a community-based cohort with normal renal function were prospectively analyzed. We determined the relationship of insulin resistance indices with the incident chronic kidney disease using the Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: During a mean follow-up of 11.03 ± 4.22 years, incident chronic kidney disease occurred in 414 participants (12.4%). The high homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance level group had an increased risk of incident chronic kidney disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.74; p = 0.002) compared to the normal group after adjustment for age, sex, history of hypertension, body mass index, total cholesterol, alcohol drinking status, smoking status, and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate. The risk of incident chronic kidney disease also increased with the lower quantitative insulin sensitivity check index level (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.92; p = 0.02) and higher leptin-adiponectin ratio level (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.42; p = 0.006). Conclusion: Higher insulin resistance indices are associated with the incidence of chronic kidney disease. Our data suggest that increased insulin resistance may be involved in the development of incident chronic kidney disease in a population with normal renal function.

Associations of Alanine Aminotransferase/Aspartate Aminotransferase, a Marker of Hepatosteatosis, with Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance Index and Leptin/Adiponectin Ratio in Japanese Women.

Objective: We assessed whether alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST), a marker of hepatic steatosis, may be associated with adipose tissue dysfunction more closely than hepatic and muscle insulin resistance (IR). Methods: Associations with adipose tissue IR index (AT-IR) calculated as a product of fasting insulin and free fatty acids, leptin/adiponectin ratio, a proxy of adipocyte dysfunction, homeostasis model assessment IR (HOMA-IR), hepatic and muscle IR inferred from plasma insulin kinetics during a 75 grams oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were studied in nondiabetic 307 young and 148 middle-aged Japanese women, whose body mass index averaged 20 and 22 kilograms/m2, respectively. Results: On multivariate linear regression analysis in young women, ALT/AST was associated with trunk/leg fat ratio (standardized ß = 0.202, P = 0.007), a marker of abdominal fat accumulation, and AT-IR (standardized ß = 0.185, P = 0.003) independently of HOMA-IR and Matsuda index (R2 = 0.07). In middle-aged women, leptin/adiponectin ratio (standardized ß = 0.446, P < 0.001) and AT-IR (standardized ß = 0.292, P = 0.009) emerged as determinants of ALT/AST independently of trunk/leg fat ratio, OGTT-derived hepatic IR, leptin, and adiponectin (R2 = 0.34). Conclusions: ALT/AST was associated with AT-IR and adipocyte dysfunction more closely than hepatic and muscle IR even in nondiabetic lean Japanese women.

Assessment of the Role of Leptin and Adiponectinas Biomarkers in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Data on the possible connection between circulating adipokines and PanNENs are limited. This novel study aimed to assess the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and their ratio in patients with PanNENs and to evaluate the possible relationship between them and PanNEN's grade or stage, including the presence of metastases. The study group consisted of PanNENs (n = 83), and healthy controls (n = 39). Leptin and adiponectin measurement by an ELISA assay was undertaken in the entire cohort. The serum concentration of adiponectin was significantly higher in the control group compared to the study group (p < 0.001). The concentration of leptin and adiponectin was significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.01). Anincreased leptin-adiponectin ratio was observed in well-differentiated PanNENs (G1) vs. moderatelydifferentiated PanNENs (G2) (p < 0.05). An increased leptin-adiponectin ratio was found in PanNENs with Ki-67 < 3% vs. Ki-67 ≥ 3% (p < 0.05). PanNENs with distal disease presented lower leptin levels (p < 0.001) and a decreased leptin-adiponectin ratio (p < 0.01) compared with the localized disease group. Leptin, adiponectin, and the leptin-adiponectin ratio may serve as potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for PanNENs. Leptin levels and the leptin-adiponectin ratio may play an important role as predictors of malignancy and metastasis in PanNENs.

Association of adipocytokines and adipocytokine ratios with cardiovascular risk factors in Japanese preadolescents.

OBJECTIVES: Asians are particularly susceptible to obesity-associated disorders and rapid progression of obesity from childhood to adulthood. Data on the association between adipocytokine parameters, particularly adipocytokine ratios, and cardiovascular risk factors in childhood remain limited. Herein, we assessed the association of resistin, adiponectin, and leptin levels and leptin/adiponectin and resistin/adiponectin ratios with selected cardiovascular risk factors and the influence of unhealthy weight on such associations in children aged 9-10 years. METHODS: We included 380 children aged 9-10 years from three public elementary schools in Japan. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in male preadolescents than in female adolescents (median 16.5 kg/m2 vs. 16.2 kg/m2, p=0.032). No differences in height, weight, waist circumference (WC), waist/height ratio (W/Hr), total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, or atherosclerosis index (AI) were observed between the sexes. Of the adipocytokine levels and ratios analyzed, only the leptin level and leptin/adiponectin ratio (L/Ar) were strongly and significantly positively correlated with the cardiovascular risk factors WC, W/Hr, and BMI (all p<0.05). The AI was not strongly correlated with any adipocytokine levels or ratios. Apart from the strong positive correlation between the L/Ar and W/Hr, no other significant associations were observed between any of the adipocytokine levels or ratios and the selected cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirmed the value of adipocytokine ratios in risk assessment in pediatric populations, with leptin levels and leptin/adiponectin ratios strongly correlating with risk factors in children aged 9-10 years.

Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin after a 4-Week Vegan Diet: A Randomized-Controlled Pilot Trial in Healthy Participants.

Adiponectin and leptin are important mediators of metabolic homeostasis. The actions of these adipokines extend beyond adipocytes and include systemic modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, nutrient flux, and the immune response to changes in nutrition. Herein, we hypothesized that short-term intervention with a vegan diet might result in an improvement of plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio. We investigated the response of plasma adiponectin and leptin to a 4-week intervention with a vegan or meat-rich diet and its associations with sex, BMI and nutritional intake. Fifty-three healthy, omnivore participants (62% female, average age 31 years and BMI 23.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a vegan or meat-rich diet for 4 weeks. Plasma adiponectin and leptin were lower in men compared to women both at the beginning and end of the trial. The concentration of adiponectin in women was significantly higher both when comparing their transition from omnivorous to vegan diet (p = 0.023) and also for vegan versus meat-rich diet at the end of the trial (p = 0.001), whereas plasma leptin did not vary significantly. No changes in adiponectin were identified in men, yet an increase in leptin occurred upon their transition from an omnivorous to a meat-rich diet (p = 0.019). Examination of plasma adiponectin/leptin ratio, a proposed marker of cardiovascular risk, did not differ after 4-weeks of dietary intervention. Our study revealed that adiponectin and leptin concentrations are sensitive to short-term dietary intervention in a sex-dependent manner. This dietary modification of leptin and adiponectin not only occurs quickly as demonstrated in our study, but it remains such as published in studies with individuals who are established (long-term) vegetarians compared to omnivorous.

The leptin/adiponectin ratio as prognostic marker for dyslipidemia during 1 year of follow-up in pediatric patients receiving kidney replacement therapy / Índice leptina/adiponectina como indicador pronóstico de dislipidemia durante 1 año de seguimiento en pacientes pediátricos que reciben terapia de reemplazo renal

Background: leptin and adiponectin are associated with cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and could be useful prognostic factors. Objectives: to explore the usefulness of the leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) to predict the presence or worsening of dyslipidemia during 1 year of follow-up in children receiving kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Material and methods: a prospective cohort study was performed. Pediatric KRT patients aged between 8 and 17 years who were undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were included. At enrollment, the lipid profile, adiponectin and leptin levels, and somatometric measurements, including body fat percentage, were determined. At the one-year follow-up, the lipid profile was reassessed. Results: of the 70 patients included, the median age was 13 years, and there was no sex predominance (52.8 % males). At the end of follow-up, the patients were divided into three groups: those without dyslipidemia (WOD), those who developed or experienced worsening of their dyslipidemia (DWD) and those with persistent dyslipidemia (PD). A LAR > 0.85 (OR, 16.7) and body fat percentage (OR, 1.46) were associated with an increased risk of PD and DWD at 12 months, independently of urea level, BMI Z-score, benzafibrate treatment, CKD progression time, and replacement treatment. Conclusions: a LAR > 0.85 and fat body percentage at the beginning of follow-up were strongly associated with the presence, persistence or worsening of dyslipidemia at the 12-month follow-up in children with KRT. (AU)

Antecedentes: la leptina y la adiponectina se asocian con enfermedad cardiovascular en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y podrían ser factores pronósticos útiles. Objetivos: explorar la utilidad del cociente leptina/adiponectina (LAR) para predecir la presencia o empeoramiento de la dislipidemia durante 1 año de seguimiento en niños que reciben terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR). Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes pediátricos con TRR de entre 8 y 17 años que estaban en hemodiálisis o diálisis peritoneal. Al inicio del estudio se determinaron el perfil lipídico, los niveles de adiponectina y leptina, y las mediciones somatométricas, incluido el porcentaje de grasa corporal. En el seguimiento de un año, se reevaluó el perfil de lípidos. Resultados: de los 70 pacientes incluidos, la mediana de edad fue de 13 años y no hubo predominio de sexo (52,8 % de varones). Al final del seguimiento, los pacientes se dividieron en tres grupos: aquellos sin dislipidemia (SD), aquellos que desarrollaron o experimentaron un empeoramiento de su dislipidemia (ED) y aquellos con dislipidemia persistente (PD). Un LAR > 0,85 (OR: 16,7) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (OR: 1,46) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de ED y PD a los 12 meses, independientemente del nivel de urea, la puntuación Z del IMC, el tratamiento con benzafibrato, el tiempo de progresión de la ERC y el tratamiento de reemplazo. Conclusiones: un LAR > 0,85 y el porcentaje de grasa corporal al inicio del seguimiento se asociaron fuertemente con la presencia, persistencia o empeoramiento de la dislipidemia a los 12 meses de seguimiento en niños con TRR. (AU)

Breast Milk MicroRNAs Related to Leptin and Adiponectin Function Can Be Modulated by Maternal Diet and Influence Offspring Phenotype in Rats.

There is evidence of the role of milk components in the metabolic programming of offspring. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of a diet during lactation on breast milk leptin, adiponectin, and related miRNAs' expression, and their impact on dams and their offspring. Dams were fed a control diet (controls) or a diet enriched with oleic acid, betaine, and leucine (TX) throughout lactation. A TX diet promoted higher leptin at lactation day (LD) five and lower adiponectin on LD15 (vs. controls) in milk, resulting in increased leptin to adiponectin (L/A) ratio throughout lactation. Moreover, TX diet reduced milk levels of miR-27a, miR-103, miR-200a, and miR-222. Concerning TX offspring, higher body fat was early observed and maintained into adult life, accompanied by higher HOMA-IR than controls at three months of age. Offspring body fat content in adulthood correlated positively with milk L/A ratio at LD15 and negatively with miRNAs modulated by the TX diet. In conclusion, maternal diet during lactation can modulate leptin and adiponectin interplay with miRNAs in milk, setting up the metabolic programming of the offspring. Better knowledge about the influence of diet on this process is necessary to promote a healthy adult life in the progeny.

Changes in the Leptin to Adiponectin Ratio Are Proportional to Weight Loss After Meal Replacement in Adults With Severe Obesity.

Hypocaloric diets are known to induce changes in adipokine secretion, but the influence of a low energy liquid diet (LELD) on the leptin: adiponectin ratio (LAR), a measure of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, has not previously been investigated in patients with severe obesity. We conducted a prospective, single-center cohort study of adults with severe obesity (defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kgm-2, or ≥35 kgm-2 with co-morbidities) who completed a 24-week milk-based LELD. We measured leptin, adiponectin and LAR at the start and on completion of the programme. Of 120 patients who started, 52 (43.3 %) completed the programme. Their mean age was 50.3 ± 11.2 (range 18-74) years, 29 (55.8 %) were female and 20 (38.5 %) had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Weight decreased from 148.2 ± 39.6 to 125.4 ± 34.8 kg and BMI decreased from 52.4 ± 11.1 to 44.3 ± 9.8 kgm-2, respectively (all p < 0.001). In patients with T2DM, HbA1c decreased from 60.0 ± 17.4 to 47.5 ± 15.5 mmol/mol (p < 0.001). Leptin decreased (from 87.2 [48.6, 132.7] to 39.1 [21.0, 76.4] ng/ml) and adiponectin increased (from 5.6 [4.5, 7.5] to 7.1 [5.5, 8.5] µg/ml), with a reduction in LAR from 15 [8.4, 22.4] to 5.7 [3.0, 9.1] ng/µg (all p < 0.001), indicating decreased insulin resistance. The percentage weight lost was associated with the percentage reduction in LAR (ß = 2.9 [1.7, 4.1], p < 0.001) and this association was stronger in patients with T2DM. Patients with severe obesity who completed a milk-based LELD had a substantial reduction in LAR, consistent with decreased insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, proportional to weight loss.

Are Peripheral Biomarkers Determinants of Eating Styles in Childhood and Adolescence Obesity? A Cross-Sectional Study.

Disturbances in eating behaviors have been widely related to obesity. However, little is known about the role of obesity-related biomarkers in shaping habitual patterns of eating behaviors (i.e., eating styles) in childhood. The objective of the present study was to explore the relationships between several biomarkers crucially involved in obesity (ghrelin, insulin resistance, and leptin/adiponectin ratio) and eating styles in children and adolescents with obesity. Seventy participants aged between 8 and 16 (56.2% men) fulfilled the Spanish version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children to measure external, emotional, and restrained eating styles. In addition, concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and glucose were obtained through a blood test. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for age and sex were computed for each eating style. Results indicated that individuals with higher ghrelin concentration levels showed lower scores in restrained eating (ß = -0.61, p < 0.001). The total model explained 32% of the variance of the restrained pattern. No other relationships between obesity-related biomarkers and eating behaviors were found. This study highlights that one of the obesity-risk factors, namely lower plasma ghrelin levels, is substantially involved in a well-known maladaptive eating style, restraint eating, in childhood obesity.

De novo Portal Vein Thrombosis in Non-Cirrhotic Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A 9-Year Prospective Cohort Study.

Background and Aims: Approximately 30-40% of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) remains of unknown origin. The association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and PVT is a matter of debate. This study aimed to investigate the association between PVT and NAFLD. Methods: We included 94 out of 105 consecutive NAFLD patients in this prospective cohort study in addition to 94 from the healthy control group. We evaluated biochemical, clinical, immunological, and histopathological parameters; waist circumference (WC); leptin; adiponectin; and leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) for all participants at baseline and every 3 years thereafter. We described the characteristics of participants at baseline and showed individual WC, LAR, and PVT characteristics. Potential parameters to predict PVT development within 9 years were determined. Results: PVT developed in eight (8.5%) patients, mainly in the portal trunk. Univariate analysis showed three PVT-associated factors: diabetes mellitus (P = 0.013), WC (P < 0.001), and LAR (P = 0.002). After adjusting multiple confounding variables, the multivariate model showed that the only significant variables were WC and LAR. By applying the receiver operating characteristic curve, WC had 98.8% specificity, 87.5% sensitivity, and 0.894 area under the curve (AUC) for prediction of PVT (P < 0.001) at cutoff values of > 105 cm. In comparison, LAR had 60.5% specificity, 87.5% sensitivity, and 0.805 AUC for PVT prediction (P < 0.001) at cutoff values of >7.5. Conclusions: This study suggests that increased central obesity and LAR were independently associated with PVT development in non-cirrhotic NAFLD patients, and they should be considered risk factors that may participate in PVT multifactorial pathogenesis.

Beneficial effects of levothyroxine replacement therapy on leptin adiponectin ratio in patients with idiopathic primary hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the metabolic effects of primary hypothyroidism (PHT) on the leptin (LP), adiponectin (ADP) level and leptin adiponectin ratio (LAR), with identification of the beneficial effects of L-thyroxine (LT4) therapy on these parameters. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, from July to October 2019. This study included 62 PHT patients, of whom 27 were newly diagnosed and 35 were on LT4 therapy. There were 28 healthy controls. Anthropometric, lipid and pressure profiles were evaluated along with estimation of TSH, T3, T4, LP and ADP serum levels. SPSS version 20.00 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: LP serum level did not significantly differ among the three groups (P=0.23), however, ADP serum level was higher in patients with PHT on LT4 therapy (77.48±9.97ng/dL) as compared to the newly diagnosed patients without LT4 (66.21±7.67ng/dL), and controls (71.40±10.72), (P=0.01). Moreover, LAR was higher in non-treated PHT (1.29±0.18) as compared to the controls (1.13±0.14), (95%CI=0.0568 to 0.2632, P=0.001) and treated PHT (1.04±0.16), (95%CI=-0.3480 to -0.1520, P=0.001). On the other hand, no significant difference was detected between healthy controls and treated PHT patients (95%CI=-0.1871 to 0.0071, P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: PHT is associated with poor cardio-metabolic profile and high LAR. ADP but not LP, mainly affected in patients with PHT. However LAR is better than ADP and LP in reflecting the underlying PHT-induced cardio-metabolic derangements. LT4 replacement therapy improves cardio-metabolic profile, ADP and LP serum levels with significant amelioration of LAR in PHT patients.

Pro-Inflammatory Diet Is Associated with Adiposity during Childhood and with Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers at 11 Years in Mexican Children.

There is limited evidence about the inflammatory potential of diet in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) from 5 to 11 years with adiposity and inflammatory biomarkers in Mexican children. We analyzed 726 children from a birth cohort study with complete dietary information and measurements to evaluate adiposity at 5, 7 and 11 y and 286 children with IL-6, hsCRP, leptin and adiponectin information at 11 y. C-DII trajectories were estimated using latent class linear mixed models. We used linear mixed models for adiposity and logistic and multinomial regression for biomarkers. In girls, each one-point increase in C-DII score was associated with greater adiposity (abdominal-circumference 0.41%, p = 0.03; skinfold-sum 1.76%, p = 0.01; and BMI Z-score 0.05, p = 0.01). At 11 y the C-DII was associated with greater leptin (34% ≥ 13.0 ng/mL, p = 0.03) and hsCRP concentrations (29% ≥ 3.00 mg/L, p = 0.06) and lower adiponectin/leptin ratio (75% < 2.45, p = 0.02). C-DII trajectory 3 in boys was associated with a 75.2% (p < 0.01) increase in leptin concentrations and a 37.9% decrease (p = 0.02) in the adiponectin/leptin ratio. This study suggests that the inflammatory potential of diet may influence adiposity in girls and the homeostasis of adipose tissue and chronic subclinical inflammation in 11-year-old children.

Association between plasma leptin/adiponectin ratios with the extent and severity of coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Leptin can have a direct effect on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells and high level of leptin is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to determine the relationship between leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio and the extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: This case-control study was conducted in an educational hospital in Ilam, Iran from June 2014 to September 2015. Totally 300 participants including 150 patients with CAD (case group) and 150 healthy individuals (control group) were selected and their plasma leptin, adiponectin and leptin/adiponectin ratio was measured. The extent and severity of coronary artery disease were assayed based on the number of involved vessels and Gensini score (GS) and the relation between scores and L/A findings were compared between cases and controls. RESULTS: Totally, 300 participants including 150 (42.7% male), mean age 59.5 ± 11.4 years as cases and 150 (50.7% male), mean age 59.8 ± 10.7 as controls were analyzed. Plasma level of leptin and L/A ratio were higher in cases compared to controls, but level of adiponectin was significantly lower in CAD patients than the control group. More number of involved coronary vessels was significantly correlated to higher level of plasma leptin, L/A ratio and lower level of adiponectin among case group. Moreover, adiponectin was negatively and leptin or L/A ratio were positively correlated with number of involved vessels. 7.3% of cases had only one involved vessel, 42.7% had two involved vessels, and 50% of total patients had involved vessels and the mean ± SD of GS in the case group was 23.6 ± 6.9. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma levels of leptin, and adiponectin can indicate the extent of coronary artery diseases but leptin may be a better marker of extent of CAD than either L/A ratio or adiponectin separately.

Impact of interval walking training managed through smart mobile devices on albuminuria and leptin/adiponectin ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Interval walking training has demonstrated more pronounced positive effects on physical fitness and metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D), compared to continuous walking. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of T2D is associated with derangements in leptin/adiponectin axis, which might predispose affected individuals to vascular inflammation and albuminuria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interval walking training delivered through smart mobile devices upon albuminuria and leptin/adiponectin ratio in patients with T2D. METHODS: Patients with T2D aged 35-75 were randomized into control (n = 26) and interval training (IT, n = 14) groups. Patients in IT group had to perform three 60-min interval walking sessions (3 min intervals of slow and fast walking with the intensity of 40% and 70% of the peak energy expenditure) per week delivered by smartphone application for four months. The adherence to training was monitored remotely. Outcome measures were albuminuria, leptin/adiponectin ratio, obesity indicators, and glycaemic control. Leptin and adiponectin concentration was measured in serum samples by Luminex technology. RESULTS: In the IT group compared to control group, we observed a statistically significant decrease in albuminuria (p = .002) and leptin/adiponectin ratio (p = .01), as well as a decrease in HbA1c close to statistical significance (p = .09). In IT group, changes in leptin/adiponectin ratio correlated significantly with changes in hip circumference (p = .024). CONCLUSION: Interval walking training is beneficial for vascular health in T2D via impact on albuminuria and leptin/adiponectin ratio.

The association of maternal obesity and race with serum adipokines in pregnancy and postpartum: Implications for gestational weight gain and infant birth weight.

Adiponectin and leptin are hormones known to play roles in maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Levels of these hormones have been demonstrated to vary based on adiposity and race. However, there is a lack of data concerning the relationship between race and the change of adiponectin and leptin throughout pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR) throughout pregnancy and to assess their association with gestational weight gain (GWG) and infant birth weight while considering the effects of race and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, gestational weight gain, and infant birth weight were measured in 80 pregnant women at early (12.4 â€‹± â€‹1.3 weeks gestation), mid (20.6 â€‹± â€‹1.3 weeks gestation), late pregnancy (29.2 â€‹± â€‹1.4 weeks gestation), and 7-11 weeks postpartum (8.8 â€‹± â€‹0.8 weeks). In women overall, serum adiponectin decreased across pregnancy and increased at postpartum (p â€‹= â€‹0.17.) At each prenatal timepoint, both black race and obesity were associated with lower adiponectin (ps â€‹< â€‹0.05). In women overall, serum leptin increased across pregnancy, and declined at postpartum. At every assessment, a stepwise increase in leptin was observed in relation to BMI class. Black women with obesity had markedly higher LAR in mid- and late pregnancy and postpartum than all other groups (p â€‹< â€‹0.05). Serum leptin during pregnancy was significantly associated with total GWG in both black and white women (ps â€‹< â€‹0.005). Neither adiponectin, leptin, nor LAR were associated with infant birth weight. Race and BMI both have significant effects on serum adiponectin, leptin, and LAR levels in pregnancy and postpartum. Notably, the combined effects of race and BMI result in markedly higher LAR among black women with obesity. Implications for racial disparities in metabolic syndrome and postpartum weight retention remain to be explicated.

Association of intracellular lipid accumulation in subcutaneous adipocyte precursors and plasma adipokines in bariatric surgery candidates.

BACKGROUND: The adipocyte expansion is a critical process with implications in the pathogenesis of obesity associated metabolic syndrome. Impaired adipogenesis leads to dysfunctional, hypertrophic adipocytes, local inflammation and peripheric insulin resistance. METHODS: We assessed the relationship between the adipogenic differentiation capacity of the subcutaneous adipose derived stem cells (ASCs), evaluated by total lipid accumulation, and the metabolic and hormonal profile in a group of obese female patients proposed for bariatric surgery (N = 20) versus normal weight female controls (N = 7). RESULTS: The lipid accumulation (measured as optical density at 492 nm) of ASCs during their differentiation to adipocytes was significantly lower in ASCs isolated from obese patients as compared to ASCs isolated from normal weight patients (0.49 ± 0.1 vs. 0.71 ± 0.1, p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations between lipid accumulation in adipogenic differentiated ASCs and plasma concentrations of triglycerides (p < 0.01), insulin (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p < 0.01), adiponectin (p < 0.05) and leptin/adiponectin ratio (p < 0.05) were found in obese group. CONCLUSIONS: In severely obese female patients, the abnormal adipogenesis is related to insulin resistance and leptin/adiponectin ratio. The abnormal lipid accumulation in the mature adipocyte derived from obese ASCs could possible predict the further development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in severely obese patients and influence the selection of patients for bariatric surgery.